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Check out the most amazing facts about the roman military! From forming legions to the roman empire, here is why the roman army was so shockingly powerful throughout history!

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10. Decimation
The Roman military was built upon discipline, but for those who failed or stepped out of line, the consequences were dire! Decimation was the punishment of choice for large groups of soldiers who has disobeyed orders, such as mutiny or desertion.

9. Weapons
The weapons the Romans had at their disposal were a large part of the reason the military was so effective. Each legionary would be equipped with a sword, a dagger, and two javelins.

8. The “Immunes”
One of the reasons the Roman military was so effective was that each legion was pretty much self-sufficient. The people who held it all together were the “immunes”, who were a group of highly trained specialists that were responsible for maintaining the logistical and medical needs of the soldiers.

7. The Corvus
The Romans didn’t design their own ships, but stole the designs from their enemies. Much easier right??

6. The First Battle was a Defeat
The Romans are legendary for their military prowess, but it could have all been very different. In fact, their first battle was a comprehensive defeat, but it would give them the motivation to learn quickly and become the immense force that they are still remembered for.

5. The Fetials
The Fetials were a group of 20 Roman priests who were involved in international relations. They were integral to the signing of treaties and declarations of war.

4. Tactics
The Romans revolutionised military tactics. The main foundation was the idea that you could fight far more effectively if order was maintained between the troops.

3. The Praetorian Guard
The Praetorian Guard date back to the Roman Republic, and were the Secret Service of their day. They were the most prestigious unit of the Roman military, would fight in campaigns, help put down an uprising, and do anything else the emperor required of them.

2. Battle of Cannae
The Battle of Cannae took place in 216 BC, and was fought between the Romans and the Carthaginians, who were led by Hannibal. It is thought to have been the bloodiest day of battle ever, with more than 40,000 Romans losing their lives, and causing a great embarrassment for the empire. It was one of their greatest losses.

1. Wealthy Class System
Originally to be a part of the Roman army you had to be a Roman citizen. While the roots of this system were based on tribal ranks, the ruler Tullius decided to, instead, divide the army based on the property that the soldiers owned.

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Check out the Most MYSTERIOUS Facts About Stars! From the biggest stars in our solar system to other bizarre facts about our universe, this top 10 list of strangest astronomy facts will amaze you!

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10. Star Classifications
Have you ever noticed that stars names are kind of complicated? You may have seen sci-fi shows or movies where they give stars a category, but things are actually far more complicated. There are 11 different letter classifications, each that refer to a star's temperature, luminosity, and color. O and B type stars, for example, usually appear to be blue, and are some of the hottest objects seen in the universe..

9. Stars Don’t Twinkle
I know, sad but true right? When you look up to the clear sky at night you’ll see a wide range of stars. Looking closely, you will probably even see some of them twinkling, but this apparent switching on and off of the light has nothing to do with the actual stars themselves.

8. How big do stars get?
While our own star, the sun, is a fairly common type throughout the galaxy, there are ones that absolutely dwarf it in terms of size and brightness. In fact, every single star that you see in the night sky is many times larger and brighter than the sun, because it’s only those that produce enough light to reach us.

7. How many stars?
How many stars do you think there are in the Universe? The amazing thing is that, no matter how huge a number you guess, there are probably far, far more out there. To understand how many there actually are, astronomers first calculate the estimated number of galaxies. With our current understanding, it's thought that there are about 170 billion galaxies in the observable universe, stretched out across 45.7 billion light years.

6. Red and Blue
While many images that we see of stars in space have been created with a certain amount of artistic license, there’s one thing for sure… stars can be seen in a wide range of colors, but what we learn from these colors is somewhat counter-intuitive. Two of the colors most often seen are red and blue. On earth, we typically associate the color red with things that are hot, like a fire or a glowing hot piece of metal, and the color blue is more associated with things that are cold, such as ice.

5. How close are stars?
When you look at the sky, especially on a clear night, it seems like the stars are quite close to each other. Our grouping of them together into constellations also gives the impression that there’s not a great distance between them, but this couldn’t be further from reality.

4. Star Groups
Despite the vast distances between star systems, our sun is actually unusual for the fact that it’s on its own. Most stars actually tend to cluster together into groups of two or more. Bound by the gravitational forces, as many as 60 per cent of stars remain in these groups.

3. Star Brightness
Stars come in a variety of shapes and sizes… and brightness. The brightest star in our sky is, of course, our sun… but it’s pretty unremarkable in the grand scheme of things. The dimmest star to have ever been recorded is a brown star called RG 0058.8-2807. It is also the smallest star to have been detected, at only 0.014 times the size of our own sun… and is one million times less bright.

2. The Stars We See At Night
We’ve already seen how there are about 1 septillion stars in the observable universe, but how many do you think are observable with the eye from earth? If you look up on a clear night from a place with no light pollution, the entire sky is dotted with stars, but you're not seeing anywhere near as many as you may think.

1. How long do stars live?
The life expectancy of a star is directly related to its total mass, which indicates how much fuel it has to burn. Somewhat counter-intuitively, those with the biggest mass die much quicker than those that start with less. This is because the bigger the mass of the star, the faster it burns its supply of fuel.

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Check out the Most MYSTERIOUS Recent Discoveries About Planet Earth! From finding out the earth's crust is peeling to other amazing archaeological discoveries, this top 10 list of recent scientific breakthroughs about the world will amaze you!

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8. The Crust is Peeling!
In 1969, over a dozen people were killed in Portugal by a tsunami that was caused by a giant earthquake off the coast. An even larger earthquake had hit the area around 200 years ago, destroying the city of Lisbon and killing over 100,000 people.

7. Deepest Dive Ever
In May of this year, the deepest dive in history was achieved by explorer and businessman Victor Vescovo. He descended 35,853 feet (10,927 meters) to the bottom of the Challenger Deep at the southern end of the Mariana Trench- and the deepest point on the planet.

6. Blob of Rock Triggers Earthquakes
Every year, over 100 earthquakes of a magnitude of 4.0 or greater strike throughout the Hindu Kush mountain range, which stretches some 500 miles (800 kilometers) along the border of Afghanistan and Pakistan. Scientists aren’t sure why, but it’s one of Earth’s most seismically active regions, especially for intermediate-depth earthquakes, which form between 45 and 190 miles below the surface (70-300 kilometers).

5. The Great Whirl
The Great Whirl was first recorded in 1866 by British geographer Alexander Findley. It’s a churning, clockwise ocean whirlpool the size of Colorado that appears off the coast of Somalia every spring. It’s so big, it can be seen from space, and recent satellite images reveal that it’s bigger and longer-lasting than previously thought.

4. Methane Fire-Breathing Mountain
For more than 2,000 years, a mountain in Turkey has been steadily spewing fire. This strange formation is known as the Chimaera Seep, or the Flames of Chimaera. While it is true that the gods might be unhappy as the legend goes, according to a recent New York Times article, the flames are being caused by a bizarre geological phenomenon that scientists can’t quite explain.

3. Big Ocean Waves are Getting Bigger
Due to an increase in extreme winds, ocean waves throughout the world are getting bigger. Good for surfers, not so good for coastlines. This was recently determined in a study by a pair of scientists from the University of Melbourne, Australia, who monitored changes in the ocean using 33 years of satellite data. It’s the biggest-ever collection of wind and wave data yet.

2. Pause in Earthquakes for California
It’s been over a century since California has experienced a ground-rupturing, massive earthquake. The last time this happened was in 1918 and everyone has been expecting one any day now. David Jackson, professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley, expressed concern over the lack of seismic activity at a 2014 conference in Alaska, calling into question scientists’ data on historical earthquakes.

1. Radioactive Carbon Found in Ocean Trenches
You might be surprised to hear that crustaceans living in the deepest parts of the ocean have been found to contain radioactive carbon. These elevated levels of radiocarbon were found in amphipods up to 7 miles (11 kilometers) beneath the surface, in the deep trenches of the Pacific Ocean.

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Check out the Most MYSTERIOUS Artifacts EVER Discovered! This top 10 list of weird and bizarre recent archaeological discoveries has some of the stranges unexplained findings ever made!

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8. The Piri Reis Map
The Piri Reis map is considered the first map of the world. Created in 1513, it was drawn by Ottoman admiral and cartographer Hagii Ahmed Muhiddin Pira, aka Piri Reis, who compiled military intelligence and created a detailed map. Only one third of the original map remains, drawn on gazelle-skin parchment. It shows the Atlantic Ocean, with detailed depictions of the west coast of Europe and North Africa, Atlantic islands like the Azores and the Canary Islands, and all the way to the eastern coast of Brazil.

7. The Baghdad Battery
The Baghdad Battery could almost be considered 3 artifacts in one. It is a terracotta pot that contains a copper cylinder and a single iron rod. The top of the rod is separated from the copper by a layer of bitumen, which acts as a plug or stopper. The rod and cylinder fit snugly into the opening of the jar, but the copper cylinder isn’t watertight, so any liquid in the jar would also make contact with the iron rod.

6. The Sanxingdui Jade
In the spring of 1929, a farmer in the quiet village of Sanxingdui in China’s Sichuan province was digging a well when he discovered a large stash of amazing jade artifacts. They were unlike anything anyone had ever seen before, and Chinese archaeologists scoured the area for years looking for more evidence of the lost people who had made these artifacts.

5. The Voynich Manuscript
The Voynich Manuscript is a hand-written and hand-illustrated book that was probably composed in northern Italy during the Renaissance. The vellum pages are full of drawings, sketches and writing in a language no one understands. The original has been carbon-dated to around 1404 to 1438. It’s named after Wilfrid Voynich, a book dealer who purchased the codex in 1912.

4. The Saqqara Bird
In 1898, archaeologists excavating the Pa-di-Imen tomb in Saqqara, Egypt, discovered the effigy of a bird made of sycamore wood. The bird had the head of a falcon and a wingspan of about 7 inches, but that’s where the similarities to a real bird ends.
For starters, the tail is vertical, like that of an an airplane or a shark! Its wings are represented as rigid like the wings of a glider.

3. Dropa Stones
In 1938, Chinese archaeologist Dr. Chi Pu Tei discovered evidence of a long-lost culture in the caves around Baian-Kara-Ula in China. Under a thick layer of dust, Dr. Chi found dozens of stone disks that were strikingly similar to vinyl records. They were about nine inches in diameter, had a central hole, and were inscribed with a long spiral groove. The disks were turned over to a researcher named Tsum Um Nui from the Beijing Academy for Ancient Studies.

2. The Antikythera Mechanism
In 1902, a strange artifact was pulled up out of an ancient shipwreck off the coast of the Greek island of Antikythera. The shipwreck dated to about 70 to 60 BC, and the artifact itself has been dated to about a generation before the wreck took place. It was first believed to be a gear wheel for steering the ship, but it soon became apparent that it was much, much more.

1. The London Hammer
In 1936, at Red Creek outside London, Texas, Max Hahn and his wife Emma found a strange piece of limestone that seemed to have wood sticking out of it. They brought the stone home with them, and used it a curious paperweight. Then, in 1946, their son for some reason broke open the stone, and what he found amazed him.
Contained within the limestone was a man-made hammer.

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Check out these Ancient LOST Libraries And MYSTERIOUS Contents! From the legendary library of alexandria to amazing forgotten libraries in ancient egypt, this list of biggest libraries in history will amaze you!

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8. THE HANLIN ACADEMY
In the year 1900, several centuries’ worth of materials were lost from the Hanlin Academy, which was home to one of China’s greatest libraries, courtesy of the Boxer Rebellion. Located in Peking, or modern-day Beijing, the Hanlin Academy was once a key center of learning. At the library, there was an 11,000-volume encyclopedia detailing hundreds of years of Chinese history.

7. ARISTOTLE’S LIBRARY
After moving to Athens in 335 BC, Aristotle founded the Peripatetic school of philosophy at the Lyceum, a temple that was dedicated to the god Apollo Lyceus. There, he gathered a large inventory of literature, and thus became historically known as the first book collector.

6. THE LIBRARY OF PERGAMUM
Sometime during the third century BC, a library was constructed in the ancient Greek city of Anatolia, where the present-day Turkish town of Bergama is located. It was situated at the northern end of the Acropolis and was built by Eumenes II.

5. THE IMPERIAL LIBRARY OF CONSTANTINOPLE
Modern-day Istanbul has been known by various names throughout history, including Byzantium and Constantinople, and was once the capital of the Byzantine Empire. This historic city also once housed the last of the ancient world’s great libraries. For nearly 1,000 years after the destruction of the library at Alexandria, the Imperial Library of Constantinople housed an abundance of written knowledge from the ancient Greek and Roman world.

4. THE BIBLIOTHECA CORVINIANA
The Bibliotheca Corviniana collection was compiled in Buda Castle during the Renaissance period by Matthias Corvinus, who was king of Hungary from 1458 to 1490 and one of the most powerful rulers of the age. (Before Buda and Pest came together).

3. MAYA CODICES
From the third century BC until the arrival of the Spanish in Central America, the Mayans used their own written language. They kept detailed cultural, historical, and astronomical records in books, or codices, made from bark-paper. According to archaeoastronomer Anthony Aveni, the astronomical data in the codices was used for setting dates for rituals.

2. NALANDA
Nalanda was a large Buddhist monastery and university located in the ancient kingdom of Magadha, the location of the present-day northeastern Indian city of Bihar. It was started in the fifth century and thrived for around 700 years as a major learning center that attracted scholars from all around, including Tibet, China, Greece, Japan, Sri Lanka, and Persia, and contained advanced works on topics such as mathematics, astronomy, alchemy, and anatomy.

1. THE LIBRARY OF ALEXANDRIA
The library of Alexandria is, perhaps, history’s most well-known long lost library, despite little being known about it or what happened to it. It was once the largest library of the ancient world full of treasures. It contained works by the greatest minds of antiquity such as Homer, Plato, Socrates, and more.

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Check out the FLUFFIEST Animals In The World! From tiny cute creatures to some of the most amazing pets, this top 10 list of hairiest fluffy animals will amaze you!

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10. Alpaca
This cuddly creature is related to the llama and is native to the Andes. Interestingly enough there are no wild Alpacas. Indigenous people domesticated other similar camelid species such as the vicuna and the guanaco and alpacas are highly valued for their soft wool. Domesticated alpacas and their pals the llamas could be more than 6,000 years old.

9. Arctic Fox
One of the fluffiest and cutest creatures is the Arctic Fox. It’s a cool creature that is right at home in the snow and freezing temperatures. Also they look lily white but can actually change their colour to brown or grey when the weather gets warmer so they can camouflage better. As its name indicates, they are found throughout the entire Arctic tundra from Alaska, to Canada, to Russia, Scandinavia and even Iceland.

8. Black & White Ruffed Lemur
This next fluffy animal is probably familiar from the Madagascar movies but of course there’s more to the lemur than just dancing round the rainforest making jokes. In some ways they’re quite mysterious in that not much is known about how they’re distributed across their habitats.

7. Chinchilla
Though a rodent might not be the first thing you think of when looking for a pet, you might be surprised to find out this fluffy thing is just that! As well as being known for their super soft fur, the chinchilla - part of the Chinchillidae family - is regarded as a sociable creature so if you’re getting one, you should actually get 2 so that they don’t get lonely.

6. Ducklings
All together now… awww! The chinchilla was pretty cute but it’s got competition now in the shape of these adorable baby ducks. Not that they lead very relaxing lives - the birth of a duckling can be a really hazardous thing for a few reasons. Having left the nest after 10 days of relative comfort, they have to tackle the water. You know that saying about taking to something ‘Like a duck to water?’

5. Angora Rabbit
If you’ve heard of the Angora rabbit it’s probably because of the clothing industry. Angora wool is much sought after but has a complicated history and animal rights groups are not happy about the way they’re treated. Similar to the chinchillas, but don’t worry, I’m here to tell you about these adorable little rabbits themselves and not how they are used…

4. Pallas Cat
This feline friend, or to be more precise wildcat, probably wins the title of most famous animal on this list, at least in 21st century terms. Its image has gone viral as memes as well as making the now obligatory appearance on YouTube. Why’s that? Because despite it being a wildcat who could probably claw your face off, the Pallas Cat is super cute.




3. Pomeranian
These pint-sized dogs are packed with personality and are also very versatile! Meet the Pomeranian, a 7 inch (0.1m) pooch with a double layer of fur. Their fox-like face and brave personality have made them a favorite throughout history.
While they come in a small package, the pomeranian is quick, active, and not afraid to get in anyone’s face!!

2. Red Panda
With its russet colouring, white head markings, black limbs and of course, that stripy tail, the red panda is one amazing little creature. It can be found in forest areas of Central China, Burma, and Nepal and half the population is based in the Eastern Himalayas. The red panda can grow to a length of 2 ft (0.6 m) and is often compared to the size of a domestic cat.

1. Snow Leopard
We’ve seen some impressive kitties before but the snow leopard may take the crown! It’s a remarkable big cat that roams across its home in the Central Asian mountains. This loner leopard is fluffy for sure but it has to be to brave those icy winds. The snow leopard is a carnivore but don’t worry if you run into it. For starters it tends to chow down on blue sheep, argali (which is another kind of sheep) and ibex.

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Check out this video on unusual animal friendships between different species! From the cutest animals adopting other animals to some of the strongest bonds among creatures, this top 10 list of amazing animal stories is incredible!

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8. PUSHA AND HER SQUIRRELS
Earlier this year, a cat named Pusha adopted four squirrels in southern Crimea’s Bakhchisaray Miniature Park. They were first introduced to each other by local residents. The squirrels were initially afraid of Pusha, according to the park’s staff, but they eventually grew accustomed to her and allowed her to raise them as her own, alongside her own four kittens.

7. MOLLY AND POSS
Molly the beagle was distraught after losing her litter of puppies. The grieving mama dog was beside herself with grief for several days. She then met Poss, a baby possum, on the Moyles Gazette cattle farm she lives on in Victoria, Australia. Poss had apparently been abandoned by her mom.

6. AMIRA AND JUNIOR
Midway through 2018, a dog named Amira adopted a stray kitten named Junior in war-torn Aleppo, Syria. Amira was pregnant when she was taken in by Mohammed Alaa Aljaleel, the famous ‘Cat Man of Aleppo.’ Aljaleel is a former paramedic who began rescuing stray animals in 2013. Shortly after arriving at his sanctuary, Amir lost her three puppies.

5. ELEPHANTS AND DOGS
Thailand’s Elephant Nature Park is a sanctuary for both elephants and dogs, disproving the notion that elephants are afraid of dogs and other misconceptions about the relationship between the two species. The dog program at Elephant Nature Park began after catastrophic floods in Thailand toward the end of 2011 left many dogs homeless.

4. JAMILA AND MEWIE
At just one month old, Jamila the rhino was brought to The Rhino Orphanage in the Limpopo province of South Africa with stab wounds in her back. Jamila’s rescuers believe that she was injured while trying to protect her mom from poachers, given her feisty and fearless personality.

3. ROCKET LARRY AND PUKA
Rocket Larry the turtle and Puka the dog were both rescued by a Los Angeles woman named Christine Hilberg, who gave them a forever home when they had nowhere else to go. They became instant friends. Hilberg and her boyfriend adopted Larry, an African spurred tortoise, in 2009 from a couple that could no longer care for him, as they were overwhelmed by the many other animals they were already caring for.

2. BISCUIT AND ROSE
Biscuit the Chihuahua and Rose the chicken have an odd relationship, but it works for them. At times, Biscuit gets a bit bossy toward Rose, but it’s also not unusual to see the two cuddling side-by-side. They also love exploring together outdoors.

1. SASHA, JACK, AND TWEAKS - THE “RAT PACK”
Everyone should know about this unique trio! Meet Sasha the dog, Jack the cat, and Tweaks the rat, three animals who were adopted together after refusing to be separated at a Wisconsin animal shelter. The trio were already together before they ended up at the shelter. Unfortunately, their first owner was unable to care for them and surrendered them to the Oshkosh Area Humane Society in March of 2017.

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